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Views: 13 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2022-10-11 Origin: Site
Gallium (Gallium) is a gray-blue or silver-white metal, element symbol Ga, atomic weight 69.723. Gallium has a low melting point but a high boiling point. Pure liquid gallium has a significant tendency to be supercooled, and is easily oxidized in the air to form an oxide film.
1. The density is 5.904 g/cm3. Melting point 29.78 ℃. Boiling point 2403 ℃. Valences 2 and 3. The ionization energy is 5.999 electron volts. Freezing point is very low. Due to the complex structure of stable solids, pure liquids have a significant tendency to supercool and can be placed in an ice bath for several days without crystallizing. Soft, brittle and stable in air. Heating soluble in acids and bases; reacts violently with boiling water, but only slightly reacts with water at room temperature. Can interact with most metals at high temperature. When the liquid is converted into a solid, the expansion rate is 3.1%, and it should be stored in a plastic container. On August 27, 1875, the element gallium was discovered.
2. The solid state of gallium is light blue, the liquid is silvery white, the melting point is 29.93'C, the boiling point is 2403'C, the density is 5.9g, the resistivity is 27x10-8fI·m, and the vapor pressure of liquid gallium is very low. It is only 133.3Pa. Among all elements, gallium has the widest liquid temperature range (from 29.93 to 2403'C). Due to the complex structure of solid gallium, liquid gallium is prone to supercooling. Gallium can remain liquid at a supercooled state of 40°C. When the liquid gallium is turned into a solid state, the volume of gallium expands, and the expansion rate reaches 3.2%. The liquid gallium can wet the surface of almost all substances and has excellent pouring performance. Gallium can quickly diffuse into the lattice of some metals. It can form alloys with many metals at high temperatures.
It can be extracted from bauxite or sphalerite. Finally, pure gallium is obtained by electrolysis.
It is mainly recovered and extracted from zinc smelting waste and aluminum smelting waste.
Industrial production uses industrial-grade metal gallium as raw material, and further purifies it by electrolysis, vacuum distillation, fractional crystallization and regional melting to obtain high-purity gallium. The electrolytic method uses 99.99% industrial-grade metal gallium as raw material, and through electrolytic refining and other processes, the purity of high-purity gallium is ≥99.999%. Using ≥99.999% high-purity gallium as raw material, and further purification by pulling single crystal or other purification processes, the purity of high-purity gallium obtained is ≥99.99999%.
Since the density of liquid gallium is higher than that of solid, the volume expands when solidified, and the melting point is very low, and it will continue to melt and solidify during storage. Therefore, the use of glass storage will break the bottle and infiltrate the glass, resulting in waste. Gallium is suitable for storage in plastic bottles (which cannot be full).
1. At present, the consumption fields of metal gallium in my country include semiconductors and optoelectronic materials, solar cells, alloys, medical equipment, magnetic materials, etc. Among them, the semiconductor industry has become the consumption field of gallium, accounting for about 80% of the total consumption. With the rapid development of the downstream application industry of gallium, especially the semiconductor industry and solar cell industry, the demand for metal gallium will also grow steadily in the future.
2. Gallium is also used in the manufacture of solar cells, such as gallium arsenide IIIV solar cells, which have good heat resistance, radiation resistance and other characteristics, and its photoelectric conversion rate is very high. Initially, it was often used in aerospace and military fields because of the very high production and use costs. However, with the development of science and technology in recent years, the production and use costs of GaAs solar cells have been reduced. With the combination of concentrating optical components, their application fields have begun to expand, and they are becoming popular at a faster rate.
CIGS thin film solar cells are the third generation of solar cells, which have the advantages of low production, installation and use costs and high photoelectric conversion rate, so they have become the fastest growing group among many solar cell products. Although more than 40 CIGS factories have been put into operation or under construction in the world, the proportion of metal gallium in the raw materials of CIGS is only 5%-10%. With the expansion of CIGS production scale, the industry's demand for metal gallium will increase significantly.
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